When Security Features Are Imitated: Forensic Insights from Counterfeiting Operations in Brazil

Security features are a fundamental component of banknotes and identity documents, providing layered protection and enabling authenticity verification at different levels. Counterfeiters, however, continuously adapt their methods to balance production cost and visual acceptance, often targeting features intended for first-level verification.

This paper presents a forensic analysis of how security features present in Brazilian banknotes and identity documents have been simulated by criminal groups over the last five years. The study is based on examinations conducted by the Brazilian Federal Police following the dismantling of more than thirty counterfeit laboratories dedicated to currency and identity document forgery.

The presentation discusses simulation techniques observed in watermarks, holographic stripes, intaglio effects, optically variable inks, substrates and surface textures, as well as the materials, inks, printing methods and tools employed. Particular attention is given to the distinction between visual similarity and functional security, highlighting cases in which simulated features closely resemble genuine elements but fail under forensic examination.

Findings indicate that low-cost digital printing technologies remain the main production method, with counterfeiters prioritising features visible during first-level checks. The paper concludes by discussing implications for document design, training and verification strategies.